Article Critique 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Article Critique 2 - Essay Example After reading the article, one realizes how important it is to avoid drugs in the first place as according to the article, the effect of the drugs on the brain chemistry is so fast and strong, that people don’t even realize how and when the drugs take control over them and make them addicts. Hence, the best way to reduce addiction is to keep away from drugs and never to fall in the trap of ‘just one time’. Summary The article â€Å"Stress, Habits, and Drug Addiction: A Psychoneuroendocrinological Perspective†, is written with an intention of understanding how stress leads to substance abuse and addiction by affecting the brain chemistry in human beings. Psychological stress helps the human beings to face the imminent threat and adapt to the surrounding. However, excessive stress response can lead to pathological disorders as it can enhance addictive behavior in people. The authors argue that stress not only stimulates the motivation in reward system and cre ates the possibility of addiction, but also develops a risk of relapse by developing a habit of certain actions and cravings that lead to addiction and relapse. Brain imaging has shown that goal directed actions in human beings are controlled by prefrontal cortex and habitual actions are directed by dorsolateral striatum. The choice (and the action) of taking drug for the first time is in control of human beings, but once the action becomes habitual, he loses control over it and becomes an addict. That is, the action becomes involuntary and gets into the category of habitual actions. Hence, addiction is called as maladaptive form of habit process as a voluntary action of taking drugs gets transformed into an addiction. According to the authors, the first important factor of addictive behavior is the function of dopamine. A study by Packard and McGaugh (1996) has revealed that dopamine is instrumental in development of habitual behavior and strengthening the different aspects of habi t formation in human beings. This leads to second factor which is the habitual behavior in human beings. Habits can be defined as the behavior pattern in which the actions of human being persist even when the reward or goal value of that action reduces to a great extent. It takes regular and persistence efforts for a particular action to become a habit. However, a study by Miles, Everitt and Dickingson (2003) has revealed that in case of drug use, people become addicted (habitual) to drugs in very short time and the transition from controlled dosage to addiction is unusually rapid and fast. The third factor of addiction is the substance itself as it acts as strong stimuli for cause of relapse in people suffering from addiction. The fourth factor in the development of addiction is a problem or injury to the goal directed system, which is located in the prefrontal cortex. Chronic drug administration leads to the damage of prefrontal cortex. This shows that use of drugs harm the human beings in two ways. Firstly, the drug use leads to damage of prefrontal cortex and secondly, the damage, in turn, strengthens the addiction to drugs. This shows how the brain chemistry influences the addiction in behavior pattern. However, the authors have found that even stress plays a

Cyberbulling Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cyberbulling - Assignment Example Cyber bullying takes place by use of electronic technology such as computers, cell phones and tablets. Likewise, cyber bullying takes place by use of communication devices including social network sites, chat, text messages and websites. In recent days, United States, have attempted to pass legislation curbing against cyber bullying.. Various states have put in place legislations and implemented Federal laws since 1985 to protect against various cybercrimes including. Under Sec.113. Federal "Cyber bullying Prevention ": To strengthen bullying prosecution devices, this section likewise amends the Communications Act of 1934 to give a clear definition of a telecommunications tool(47 U.S.C 223)(h)(1) to include all device that uses Internet technologies like the voice over various internet services. The amendments in1996 provide. The Communications FEDERAL Act, prohibits the making of phone calls of the use of telecommunication tools "without disclosing the identity of one to abuse, annoy, harass or threaten any individual at the called phone number or an individual receiving the communications. This law helped in defining various cybercrimes previously unknown. In the criminal law, the 2011 federal cyber-stalking law has in many ways helped addressed the previously lacking in previously lacking. The law includes language permitted prosecutors to go after individuals using electronic devices to harass. These laws explicitly stipulate that an â€Å"interactive computer service† may not be used to threaten. In this regard, close to half of the states in the U.S. have likewise implemented their laws to permitted authorities to press charges against individuals engaging in cyber harassment and cyber stalking. The significant difference between the two pieces of legislation is on applicability. The initial law was more general and failed to address the dynamic threats that modern day cyber