The African Union Organization

The African Union Organization The African Union is one of the worlds most important intergovernmental organizations. It is composed of 53 countries in Africa and is loosely based on the European Union. These African countries work diplomatically with each other despite differences in geography, history, race, language, and religion to try to improve the political, economic, and social situations for the approximately one billion people that live on the African continent. The African Union promises to protect Africas rich cultures, some of which have existed for thousands of years. African Union Membership The African Union, or AU, includes every independent African country except Morocco. Additionally, the African Union recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, which is a portion of Western Sahara; this recognition by the AU caused Morocco to resign. South Sudan is the newest member of the African Union, joining on July 28, 2011, less than three weeks after it became an independent country. The OAU: The Precursor to the African Union The African Union was formed after the dissolution of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 2002. The OAU was formed in 1963 when many African leaders wanted to accelerate the process of European decolonization and gain independence for a number of new nations. It also wanted to promote peaceful solutions to conflicts, ensure sovereignty forever, and raise living standards. However, the OAU was largely criticized from the beginning. Some countries still had deep ties to its colonial masters. Many countries associated themselves with the ideologies of either the United States or the Soviet Union during the height of the Cold War. Although the OAU gave weapons to rebels and was successful in eliminating colonization, it could not eliminate the massive poverty problem. Its leaders were seen as corrupt and unconcerned for the welfare of the common people. Many civil wars occurred and the OAU could not intervene. In 1984, Morocco left the OAU because it opposed the membership of Western Sahara. In 1994, South Africa joined the OAU after the fall of apartheid. The African Union Is Founded Years later, Libyas leader Muammar Gaddafi, a strong proponent of African unity, encouraged the revival and improvement of the organization. After several conventions, the African Union was formed in 2002. The headquarters of the African Union is in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Its official languages are English, French, Arabic, and Portuguese, but many documents are also printed in Swahili and local languages. The leaders of the African Union work together to promote health, education, peace, democracy, human rights, and economic success. Three AU Administrative Bodies The heads of state of each member country form the AU Assembly. These leaders meet semi-annually to discuss the budget and major goals of peace and development. The current leader of the African Union Assembly is Bingu Wa Mutharika, the President of Malawi. The AU Parliament is the legislative body of the African Union and is composed of 265 officials who represent the common people of Africa. Its seat is in Midrand, South Africa. The African Court of Justice works to ensure that human rights for all Africans are respected. The Improvement of Human Life in Africa The African Union strives to improve every aspect of government and human life on the continent. Its leaders try to improve educational and career opportunities for ordinary citizens. It works to get healthy food, safe water, and adequate housing to the poor, especially in times of disaster. It studies the causes of these problems, like famine, drought, crime, and war. Africa has a high population that suffers from diseases like HIV, AIDS, and malaria, so the African Union tries to give treatment to the afflicted and provide education to prevent the spread of these diseases. The Improvement of Government, Finances, and Infrastructure The African Union supports agricultural projects. It works to improve transportation and communication and promotes scientific, technological, industrial, and environmental advancement. Financial practices like free trade, customs unions, and central banks are planned. Tourism and immigration ​are promoted, as well as better uses of energy and the protection of Africas precious natural resources such as gold. Environmental problems like desertification are studied, and Africas livestock resources are given aid. The Improvement of Security A major goal of the African Union is to encourage the collective defense, security, and stability of its members. The African Unions democratic principles have gradually reduced corruption and unfair elections. It tries to prevent conflicts between member nations and solve any disputes that do arise quickly and peacefully. The African Union can grant sanctions on disobedient states and withhold economic and social benefits. It does not tolerate inhumane acts such as genocide, war crimes, and terrorism. The African Union can intervene militarily and has sent peacekeeping troops to alleviate political and social disorder in places like Darfur (Sudan), Somalia, Burundi, and Comoros. However, some of these missions have been criticized as being too underfunded, undermanned, and untrained. A few nations, like Niger, Mauritania, and Madagascar have been suspended from the organization after political events like coup detats. Foreign Relations of the African Union The African Union works closely with diplomats from the United States, European Union, and United Nations. It receives aid from countries around the world to deliver on its promises of peace and health for all Africans. The African Union realizes that its member nations must unite and cooperate to compete in the worlds increasingly globalized economy and foreign relations. It hopes to have a single currency, like the euro, by 2023. An African Union passport may exist one day. In the future, the African Union hopes to benefit people of African origin living throughout the world. African Union Struggles Linger The African Union has improved stability and welfare, but it does have its challenges. Poverty is still a tremendous problem. The organization is deeply in debt and many consider some of its leaders to still be corrupt. Moroccos tension with Western Sahara continues to strain the entire organization. However, several smaller multi-state organizations exist in Africa, like the East African Community and the Economic Community of West African States, so the African Union can study how successful these smaller regional organizations have been in combating poverty and political strife. Conclusion In conclusion, the African Union comprises all but one of Africas countries. Its goal of integration has fostered one identity and has enhanced the political, economic, and social climate of the continent, thereby giving hundreds of millions of people a healthier and more successful future.

Article Critique 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Article Critique 2 - Essay Example After reading the article, one realizes how important it is to avoid drugs in the first place as according to the article, the effect of the drugs on the brain chemistry is so fast and strong, that people don’t even realize how and when the drugs take control over them and make them addicts. Hence, the best way to reduce addiction is to keep away from drugs and never to fall in the trap of ‘just one time’. Summary The article â€Å"Stress, Habits, and Drug Addiction: A Psychoneuroendocrinological Perspective†, is written with an intention of understanding how stress leads to substance abuse and addiction by affecting the brain chemistry in human beings. Psychological stress helps the human beings to face the imminent threat and adapt to the surrounding. However, excessive stress response can lead to pathological disorders as it can enhance addictive behavior in people. The authors argue that stress not only stimulates the motivation in reward system and cre ates the possibility of addiction, but also develops a risk of relapse by developing a habit of certain actions and cravings that lead to addiction and relapse. Brain imaging has shown that goal directed actions in human beings are controlled by prefrontal cortex and habitual actions are directed by dorsolateral striatum. The choice (and the action) of taking drug for the first time is in control of human beings, but once the action becomes habitual, he loses control over it and becomes an addict. That is, the action becomes involuntary and gets into the category of habitual actions. Hence, addiction is called as maladaptive form of habit process as a voluntary action of taking drugs gets transformed into an addiction. According to the authors, the first important factor of addictive behavior is the function of dopamine. A study by Packard and McGaugh (1996) has revealed that dopamine is instrumental in development of habitual behavior and strengthening the different aspects of habi t formation in human beings. This leads to second factor which is the habitual behavior in human beings. Habits can be defined as the behavior pattern in which the actions of human being persist even when the reward or goal value of that action reduces to a great extent. It takes regular and persistence efforts for a particular action to become a habit. However, a study by Miles, Everitt and Dickingson (2003) has revealed that in case of drug use, people become addicted (habitual) to drugs in very short time and the transition from controlled dosage to addiction is unusually rapid and fast. The third factor of addiction is the substance itself as it acts as strong stimuli for cause of relapse in people suffering from addiction. The fourth factor in the development of addiction is a problem or injury to the goal directed system, which is located in the prefrontal cortex. Chronic drug administration leads to the damage of prefrontal cortex. This shows that use of drugs harm the human beings in two ways. Firstly, the drug use leads to damage of prefrontal cortex and secondly, the damage, in turn, strengthens the addiction to drugs. This shows how the brain chemistry influences the addiction in behavior pattern. However, the authors have found that even stress plays a

Cyberbulling Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Cyberbulling - Assignment Example Cyber bullying takes place by use of electronic technology such as computers, cell phones and tablets. Likewise, cyber bullying takes place by use of communication devices including social network sites, chat, text messages and websites. In recent days, United States, have attempted to pass legislation curbing against cyber bullying.. Various states have put in place legislations and implemented Federal laws since 1985 to protect against various cybercrimes including. Under Sec.113. Federal "Cyber bullying Prevention ": To strengthen bullying prosecution devices, this section likewise amends the Communications Act of 1934 to give a clear definition of a telecommunications tool(47 U.S.C 223)(h)(1) to include all device that uses Internet technologies like the voice over various internet services. The amendments in1996 provide. The Communications FEDERAL Act, prohibits the making of phone calls of the use of telecommunication tools "without disclosing the identity of one to abuse, annoy, harass or threaten any individual at the called phone number or an individual receiving the communications. This law helped in defining various cybercrimes previously unknown. In the criminal law, the 2011 federal cyber-stalking law has in many ways helped addressed the previously lacking in previously lacking. The law includes language permitted prosecutors to go after individuals using electronic devices to harass. These laws explicitly stipulate that an â€Å"interactive computer service† may not be used to threaten. In this regard, close to half of the states in the U.S. have likewise implemented their laws to permitted authorities to press charges against individuals engaging in cyber harassment and cyber stalking. The significant difference between the two pieces of legislation is on applicability. The initial law was more general and failed to address the dynamic threats that modern day cyber

Great Depression of Two Countries in the Region Essay Example for Free

Great Depression of Two Countries in the Region Essay Compare and contrast the response to the Great Depression of two countries in the region. The outbreak of the Great Depression in 1929 caused economic hardship for society in the Americas. World trade was quelled and the consequences devastated the United States of America and Canada. Both countries suffered a breakdown in world trade and resulted in a decrease of domestic revenue. The governments were tasked with restoring an economy that faced a 40% and 37% drop in their GDP in Canada and the U. S respectively. Additionally the increased rates of unemployment heightened the difficult situation. In 1933-34 during the hardest parts of the depression, Canada faced 28% unemployment and the US 25% forcing the government to act on various policies and inevitably spending on recovery. The long term laissez faire approach from the government had to be reconsidered and simply instilling austerity measures were not going to be effective in balancing the federal budget. The attitudes of ‘business of America is business’ was also evident in the initial Canadian response. Similar to Herbert Hoover of the U.S, Prime Minister Mackenzie King believed that the crisis was a passing phase and refused to provide federal aid. This was partly attributed to the fact that Canada was already in debt due to expansion of infrastructure and education during the 1920s and only introduced moderate relief efforts. Hoover’s highly economically republican outlook was not popular and by 1932 Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected President. Correspondingly in Canada a new Prime Minister; Richard B. Bennett was tasked with alleviating the situation. Roosevelt initiated a New Deal, which would provide America with relief, recovery and reform from the economic depression. In response to the Great Depression Congress accelerated its tariff policies, culminating in the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934 which enabled the President to negotiate tariff reductions on a bilateral basis. In an angered response to the Smoot–Hawley tariff of republican government in 193 0, the Mackenzie government welcomed the British introduction of trade protectionism and a system of Commonwealth preference during 1931-32. In addition Canadian congress retaliated by raising its own rates on American imports. However this was not sustainable in the long run as the Canadian export economy had a dependence on a few primary products as it shrank by 50%. The worst hit industries such as farming, mining and logging saw prices collapses with little opportunity to find another job. In 1935 the Bennett Government eventually initiated a Canadian New Deal. Mirroring the ideas of Roosevelt, Industrial Standards Act was designed to bring Canadian workers and employers together under the auspices of the state to establish minimum wages and work standards. In America between1933-4 the National Recovery Administration also encouraged competitive wages to encourage spending and purchasing power for society. Roosevelt was also successful in his Job creation policies. In 1933 ‘Alphabet agencies’ were designed to put people back into work and in turn reducing unemployment. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC ) made it possible for 3 million young men to develop national and state park systems. Contrary to the highly capitalist system in America the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was set up to give relief to the unemployed with a budget of 500 million dollars. In contrast the Canadian government were comparatively more unsuccessful in creating more jobs. The bailout of the Canadian National railway took the debt to a further debt of $2 billion and while losing popularity Bennett could only settle for minimum wage, unemployment insurance programs. These efforts were largely unsuccessful; the provinces challenged the rights of the federal government to manage these programs. A return of the Mackenzie King government in 1935 meant a turning point in Canadian–American economic relations. The government passed the 1935 Reciprocal Trade Agreement undoing the devastating trade war of 1930–31. The second new deal from the Roosevelt government added changes to labour policy. The Works Progress Administration became the most significant relief agency in the New Seal. It received $4.8 billion and was particularly noteworthy in helping women, artists, young people and the African American population. During Roosevelt’s tenure unemployment rate returned to 9% and continue to fall until the Second World War. Along with the fiscal strategies used by the American government there was also a prominent use of monetary policy to help the recovery. In the Gold reserve Act of 1914, the dollar was pegged to the price of Gold at $35 an ounce, making exports considerably cheaper and imports cheaper. In another attempt Federal silver supply was increased to 30% of Gold’s stock to raise prices Silver Purchase Act of 1914. Moreover Bennetts government created legislation to establish the Bank of Canada to regulate monetary policy; in 1935 the Canadian wheat board was created to market and establish a minimum floor price for wheat. In actuality the monetary strategies had little impact as they were not radical enough. On the other hand Premier of Alberta William Aberhart felt like farmers were being exploited by high society in Toronto and Montreal. His radical and evangelist stance led to Social Credit movement 1932 to handing out a dividend of $25 a month to every man and woman. This ultimately failed but Aberhart did pass a Debt Adjustment Act in 1936 that cancelled all the interest on mortgages since 1932 and limited all interest rates on mortgages to 5%. This was an indication of some of the far-reaching changes that were needed to drive growth. The Canadian recovery can also be credited to the foundation CRBC- Canadian radio broadcasting council 1932. The depression was not just an economic term but also a feeling; in order to raise spirit and keep morale high the radio was used as an escape for the Canadian people. Conversely the productivity in the U.S recovered much quicker while the labour force sustained a melancholy feeling. Canada’s Crown in council also helped to create another national corporation; Bank of Canada. It was used to regulate currency and credit which had been badly managed amongst citizens. Another goal of the BOC was to serve as a private banker’s bank and to help the government on its own debts and financial matters as it eventually steered Canada to prosperity after the Second World War. This coincided with the recovery in American economy which created a better market for exports and a new inflow of much need capital.

Devastated Asia - Tsunami Attack :: essays research papers

(Based on the December 26th attack) What Are Tsunamis, and What Causes Them? Tsunamis are ocean waves produced by earthquakes or underwater landslides. The word is Japanese and means "harbor wave," because of the devastating effects these waves have had on low-lying Japanese coastal communities. A tsunami is a series of waves that can travel at speeds averaging 450 (and up to 600) miles per hour in the open ocean. As the waves approach the coast, their speed decreases and their amplitude increases. Tsunamis are most often generated by earthquake-induced movement of the ocean floor. Landslides, volcanic eruptions, and even meteorites can also generate a tsunami. Areas at greatest risk are less than 25 feet above sea level and within one mile of the shoreline. From an initial tsunami generating source area, waves travel outward in all directions much like the ripples caused by throwing a rock into a pond. As these waves approach coastal areas, the time between successive wave crests varies from 5 to 90 minutes. Their Effect†¦ †¦on lives Most deaths caused by a tsunami are because of drowning. Associated risks include flooding, contamination of drinking water, fires from ruptured tanks or gas lines, and the loss of vital community infrastructure. †¦on hygiene Contrary to popular belief that rapid burial is essential to prevent outbreaks of disease, post-disaster, a report by the Pan American Health Organisation (PAHO) says: â€Å" dead bodies pose a negligible risk †. †¦on the infrastructure With most people focusing their attention on the losses suffered by the fishing community, in the aftermath of the tsunami, Tamil Nadu’s (deprived of aid) coastal farmers have to come to terms with destroyed crops, damaged soil and devastated livelihoods. Scores of farmers in Tamil Nadu face an uncertain future as the water that engulfed their fields, washing away crops, has left the soil saline and uncultivable. Although the extent of the damage is yet to be fully assessed, officials say that a substantial proportion of cultivable land has been contaminated by salt water. †¦on tourism Tourism constitutes a major sector of the Indian economy and it will be correct to say that it has been affected due to the tsunami tragedy. Tourists who were planning to go to the south – eastern coastal regions have cancelled their bookings at the last few minutes. Travel agents have had to deal with these last-minutes cancellations and there will be an immediate impact on the travel industry for India.

Serial Killer Research

The Insanity Of Killers Serial murder is a psychological crime in many aspects. It is a planned, thought out action. The crimes themselves are often committed in order for the killer to gain a sense of power, control, and domination. There must be psychological desires and/or perceived needs that are otherwise lacking in his or her life. Are serial killers insane? Not by legal standards. The legal definition of insanity is based on the 19th century M’Naghten Rules: Does the offender understand the difference between right and wrong?If he flees or makes any attempt to hide the crime, then the offender is not insane, because his actions show that he understood that what he was doing was wrong. Yet what person in their right mind would filet young children and write letters to the parents, glorifying over what a fine meal their child made? In the case of Albert Fish, the jury found him â€Å"insane, but he deserved to die anyway. † A formal definition of legal insanity fir st was adopted in 1843 and is called the M'Naghten test; its basic form still is used today.The test outlines that the defense must clearly prove that the accused person was so impaired psychologically as to not understand that the crime was wrong when he or she committed it. Most crime experts believe that serial killers are not insane and are fully aware of their actions at the time that they commit murders. What's more, serial murderers commit several crimes, so it would follow that they should be proved as insane when planning and committing all the crimes they're charged with.Some serial killers have been diagnosed as psychopaths, or people who act with total disregard for the rights of others; they can tell the difference between right and wrong, however, so psychopaths aren't considered insane. Society believes that the insanity defense is used far more often than it actually is and people believe that the defense is used as a tactic to avoid punishment. People perceive seria l killers as inhumane and question how they could ever commit the crimes that they do.Some think it is inhumane to put a killer to death, but isn’t it even more inhumane to kill as many people as that killer did? One of the most predictable attempts to shift the blame is by creating an evil dark side, or alter ego. Fabricating an alter ego is a convenient way to pin the guilt on another, even if that other is within. It's a psychological variation of â€Å"the devil made me do it. † But diabolical alter egos are usually clumsy constructions that fall apart under scrutiny. At best, a legitimate split personality could hope for a mental institution instead of death row.But authentic cases are exceptionally rare. The motives of serial killers can be placed into five different categories: visionary, missionary, hedonistic, gain motivated, power and control. Visionary is like having that little voice in your head telling you to do something, so the killer listens and even s ometimes tries to shift the blame on to the voice and claiming to be insane. So-called missionary killers believe that their acts are justified on the basis that they are getting rid of a certain type of person and thus doing society a favor.The hedonistic type kills for the sheer pleasure of it, although what aspect they enjoy varies. This is the most common type of serial killer depicted in slasher and horror movies, psychological thrillers, and so on. Gain motivated, most criminals who commit multiple murders for material ends (such as Mafia hit men) are not classed as serial killers, because they are motivated by economic gain rather than psychopathological compulsion. Power and control, their main objective for killing is to gain and exert power over their victim.Such killers are sometimes abused as children, leaving them with feelings of powerlessness and inadequacy as adults. They must be insane, what normal person could slaughter another human, for the sheer pleasure of it? Yet the most chilling fact about serial killers is that they are rational and calculating. As the â€Å"British Jeffrey Dahmer† Dennis Nilsen put it, â€Å"a mind can be evil without being abnormal. † Serial Killer-Psychopathic or Psychotic Differences between the two. What is a serial killer? A serial killer is a person who attacks and kills victims one by one in a series of incidents.Some characteristics of a serial killer is that they have a minimum of three to four victims, usually with a â€Å"cooling off period† in between. The killer usually is likely to victimize a stranger than they are to victimize someone that they know. The serial killer has a sadistic urge to dominate there victims, they do not profit, except for psychological satisfaction. The serial killer usually looks for victims that are vulnerable. The majority of serial killers are white males, in there late 20’s to early 30’s, but some have been known to be a lot older.Serial k illers usually come from lower to middle class family backgrounds and they usually have at least an average intelligence. There are two types of serial killers, the psychotic and the psychopath. The psychotic serial killer is one who is legally insane, they cannot tell the difference between right and wrong, they may hear voices, see visions and sometimes may have hallucinations prior to committing the murders. â€Å"The son of Sam† aka David Berkowitz is a great example of a psychotic serial killer. The second type of serial killer is the psychopathic serial killer.The psychopathic serial killer does not suffer from hallucinations, they know the difference between right and wrong, and are in touch with reality, they just do not care what the are doing is not right. Psychopathic serial killers lack one very important trait and that is that they do not have a conscience, or that there conscience is too weak to stop the violent behavior. A psychopathic serial killer does not fe el any guilt, nor are they sorry for there actions. There are numerous theories as to whether a person is born with the predisposition to kill; some theories suggest that the psychopath is a product of his/her environment.It is possible that it is a combination of both genetics anjd the person’s environment. The worst part of a psychopathic serial killer is his/her ability to blend in with their environment. They will act normal, but underneath there persona, lies two uncontrollable traits; sexual abnormality and a consuming need for power. The killing satisfies both the ultimate control over life and death. Simply, killing gives them pleasure, they will because they want to and because they enjoy doing so.The only thing that stops a serial killer from committing these types of killings is either they are arrested or they die. Works Cited Debswood, . â€Å"Serial Killer – Psychopathic or Psychotic. † Scienceray. 19 2008. Web. 2 Nov 2012. . Ward, Daniel. â€Å"T he M'Naghten Rule: A Re-evaluation. † Marquette Law Review. Marquette Law Scholarly Commons, n. d. Web. 4 Nov 2012. . Bardsley, Marilyn. â€Å"Albert Fish. † Trutv-Crime Library. A Time Warner Company. Web. 3 Nov 2012. . Sullivan, Andrew. â€Å"Mind of Madness. † Studymode. studymode. com, 27 2011. Web. 5 Nov 2012. .

Relationship Between Friendship And Mutual Interests,...

Friendship is a special type of relationship and plays an important role in people’s daily life. Friendships satisfy people’s need to belong (Mattingly, Oswald, Clark, 2011). The definitions of friendship vary in different situations. For example, in business, friends are trading partners; while in politics, friends are considered to be the supporters for certain politicians as well as political alliances (Hruschka, 2010, p.4). The friendship that I will discuss in this paper is more like companionship and is based on mutual interests, aids, and benefits. Friendships usually involve reciprocity altruism for closed friends. It is argued that friendships may have an evolutionary benefit to regulate kin-based altruism to people who are not our closely kin (Hruschka, 2010, p.6). People can get a lot of benefits from healthy friendships, such as experiencing increase in happiness and well-being. Interracial friendships provide additional benefits to people in a way that it reduce the intergroup bias as well as discrimination. The belief of one sharing the same subjective experience as the other person plays a role in attraction, liking, and relationships (Pinel, Long, Landau, Alexander, Pyszczynski, 2006). Taking my friendship with Beth as an example, the first time we met in school cafeteria, we perceived that each other would love to talk and that was how we started our first conversation. 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